Monday, December 30, 2019

Essay about Medieval India and China - 1198 Words

Running head: Medieval India and China Paper Medieval India and China Paper Mike Colson University of Phoenix Global Civilizations 1400-1700 HIS 276 Mark Olick Medieval India and China In the following paper I will discuss the key differences in medieval India and China. I will compare and contrast each society’s social, cultural, political, and religious climates. In addition, explaining the civilizations economic environment during medieval times. Finally, I will describe how the Turks and Mongols influenced these two civilizations. During medieval times, India’s social climate could be considered one of an idealistic civilization. From growing crops, to the teachings of higher forms of education, India was†¦show more content†¦For example the first encyclopedia was five centuries ahead of its European counterparts. Culturally India during the medieval times was based on the affairs for their local institutions. Unlike being run by bigger authority such as the state, communities were more ruled over by smaller factions known as Guilds. These guilds organized and handled the local laws of the land and handled things at the local level. This also gave the locals a sense of belonging and identity. The common cultural theme within the Indian community was that the majority were farmers. These farmers made up the village life, and each farmer usually worked just outside the village on a small plot of land. Everyone worked together, and individual families formed under the head of the family which lead and guided the families in most decisions. The farming life provided the common Indian farmer with a nice since of status within society. Ultimately, the medieval Indian culture is based on many aspects on ways to promote community. These include sailors or fishermen, tradesmen, craftsmen, and farmers. China also had the farming life but the surround culture in the medieval society was more centralized around government. Men worked at trying to be officials and generals. These positions were considered prominent and a noble profession. Politically, medieval India and China were either a dynastic andSh ow MoreRelatedThe Black Death Of India And The Peasant s Revolt1688 Words   |  7 Pagesin India and the Peasant’s Revolt in England, during the medieval period lasting from the 5th century to the 15th century (500-1500s). Throughout the report, information will include significant individuals involved or affected by the event, a significant occurrence during each event, and finally the interconnections that can be established between the Peasant’s Revolt and Black Death. The Black Death The Black Death is said to be the worst catastrophe ever recorded throughout the medieval periodRead MoreGunpowder Revolution In The Revolution1069 Words   |  5 Pagesthe world through giving Europeans power, accomplished by facilitating the renaissance and allowing them to conquer much of the world. Gunpowder was able to evolve and change along with these powerful European states. What began as an invention in China Lorge, 818-820 became a horrific weapon in the hands of the Europeans. This evolution was a by-product of the social structure, and less though, but significant, economic structure of European nations, which maximized its effectiveness in these nationsRead MoreAncient And Medieval World Of Eurasia1678 Words   |  7 Pageseast and west through the diffusion of goods, technology, medicine, and religion. The two most vital networks of trade in the ancient and medieval world of Eurasia were the Spice Routes and the Silk Road. The Spice routes were a network of sea routes running from the Greco-Roman world, through North Africa, to the subcontinent of India, and eventually to China and Southeast Asia. The commerce of this maritime route was defined by the exchange of various spices including pepper, cinnamon, cassia,Read MoreZhengrong To Ruixiang : The Medieval Chinese Reception Of The Chinese Buddha831 Words   |  4 Pages Sun-ah Choi examines the unusual iconography of the Chinese Buddha, which is represented by the Buddhas found in Sichuan Province, China, in her essay published in Art Bulletin (97:4), Zhengrong to Ruixiang: The Medieval Chinese Reception of the Mahabodhi Buddha Satua. The images of Chinese Buddha experienced a notable change in the seventh century. Before the seventh century, the imageries focused on the narratives scenes and the Buddhas, at the same time, were d evoid of the lavish jewelry. SinceRead MoreQuestions On The Black Death1336 Words   |  6 Pagesmillion people. 2. 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Be able to describe characteristics of hunting and gathering. Was there widespread specialization of labor? (NO) HuntingRead MoreEastern Hemisphere And Its Impact On The Development Of All Societies985 Words   |  4 Pagesprogression of new technology; iron axes, adzes, and hoes were created, and revolutionized agriculture on their land. The introduction of bananas from sea lanes became popular in Africa and increased the supply of food that was available. Likewise for Medieval Europe, cultivation on Europe grounds allowed more room for agricultural techniques, the utilization of developed tools and technologies, and the institution of new crops. Similar to Africa, population pressure rose and space for more agricultureRead MoreThe American Biscuit Company1614 Words   |  7 Pagesbakeries had the exact same recipes and standards of production. Through this N.B.C. developed products that could be nationally recognized. All the merchandise is marked with a distinct emblem, an oval with two bars across it. Which Green found in a medieval Italian printers’ mark catalog, which is said to represent the triumph of good over evil. In 1912 the first Oreo was invented, which looked very similar to the one we enjoy today. How did Oreo get its name? Some say it came from the french word forRead MoreThe Battle Of Chamdo A 1950 s Invasion Of Tibet1384 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew Wilkinson Sabrina Pinnell War and Peace November 28 2016 The Battle of Chamdo—a 1950’s invasion of Tibet (Known in China as the Liberation of Chamdo) Happiness mainly comes from our own attitude, rather than external factors. Dalai Lama History and Causes: When looking at what can only be defined as modern history (the last 200 years), the world has never had a moment where there was no conflict on the globe. But while some of the best studied and most memorable wars were long ones, likeRead MoreSilk Road1687 Words   |  7 Pagesthat traveled and impact, continuity in spread of religion along the trade route ). One of the patterns of interaction along the Silk Road was in the products that were traded. The Silk Road trade system was created by interactions between Han China in the 2nd century B.C.E. and their western neighbors when an expedition for alliances to deal with a pesky neighbor turned into something else. The first product traded for on the Silk Road were Ferghana horses that the Chinese leader of the expedition

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Dr. Martin Luther King - 919 Words

Even though Martin Luther King Junior and Mahatma Gandhi both struggled, I think that the charisma in them influenced social change, because of their tactics used, like non-violence. Martin Luther King Junior and Gandhi both functions as charismatic leaders and influenced others with their fascinatingly positive attitudes. It was hard for them to get there message s and world view s across but they remained strong and preserved through their struggles, no matter how tough things got. Gandhi transmitted his message without resorting to violence and Martian Luther King Junior learned from Gandhi and shows why non-violence is key. Charisma is the social energy that arches between a leader and a community (Kripal 212). This definition of charisma is better for Martin Luther King Junior. He showed so much charisma in his motivational speeches he gave to huge crowds, some even memorable to this day. Max Weber incorporated both psychological and sociological elements in his definition of ch arisma (Barnes 1). He defined charisma as a certain quality of an individual s personality by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities (Barnes 1). Now I wouldn t say that either of these leaders are supernatural or superhuman, but they do have exceptional qualities that they set the apart from the average individual. Some examples of these qualities would be both had aShow MoreRelatedDr. Martin Luther King1101 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King is a very passionate, motivating and an inspiring speaker. His â€Å"I Have a Dream is a perfect example of pathos. His speech had so much passions that it filled the audience with so much emotions. Even though there is a strong presence of pathos, than logo and ethos. They are very much present in his speech. On August 28, 1963, on a Washington DC street filled with over 250,000 demonstrators [black and white, young and old] came together to witness Dr. Martin Luther King speaksRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King874 Words   |  4 PagesDr. Martin Luther King, Jr. writes this letter as a response to the clergymen, who criticized and impeded the nonviolent campaign led by King in Birmingham. In his long letter, Marin Luther King presents a good deal of rational reasons for why the nonviolent campaign should be done in Southern America. He also demonstrates his unmovable determination to accomplish the goal of this nonviolent campaign. Obviously, King intends to awake the clergymen and other opponents by this touching letter. FromRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King886 Words   |  4 Pagesremarkable and influential advocate of the Civil Rights movement, Dr. Martin Luther King, addressed the injustices pertaining to his time period in the mid 1950s and advocated nonviolence as an approach to acquire the equality that society was lacking. Dr. King practiced what he preached and gained an innumerable amount of followers. He was ultimately successful because of his use of nonviolence. Through boycotting, sit-ins, and marches, Dr. King achieved the high regard he has today. Furthermore, CesarRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King1647 Words   |  7 PagesKing was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, to the Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. (1899–1984) and Alberta Williams King (1904–1974).[1] King s legal name at birth was Michael King,[2] and his father was also born Michael King, but the elder King changed his and his son s names following a 1934 trip to Germany to attend the Fifth Baptist Worl d Alliance Congress in Berlin. It was during this time he chose to be called Martin Luther King in honor of the German reformer Martin LutherRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King1246 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom their place in history. Martin Luther brought important philosophical and moral concerns into the public arena. King belongs to a special of classes of activist philosophical whose philosophical and lives are inseparable because his chief concerns were social progress and improvement, Dr. King s powerful speaking skills combined with his courageous actions on behalf of racial justice, makes him a compelling exemplar of philosophical advocacy in action. Dr. King is widely regarded as AmericaRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King1826 Words   |  8 Pagesour praised leaders have risen in times of depression, and in eras when we lacked the ability to come together for ourselves. Dr. Martin Luther King was and will forever be remembered as one of the greatest leaders in American history for h is public speaking skills that united millions during the civil rights movement. Born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta Georgia, Dr. King was raised in a family of prominent pastors. He later followed in his families’ footsteps and became the third member to becomeRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr.1410 Words   |  6 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr. is a well noted American leader, who is known primarily for his role in the African-American civil rights movement of the 20th century in USA. He is often regarded as a champion of human rights and considered to be not only associated with the cause of racial discrimination against the African-Americans, but also with other social causes relating to injustice, unfairness and discrimination in the American society. He also holds the privilege of being the youngest ever personRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr.1194 Words   |  5 Pagesdemand that all people be treated equally. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. advocated that people needed to take a stand and quit being patient, in order to advance democracy in America. Was King correct in believing that impatience helps to advance democracy? I argue that Dr. King was correct in demanding impatience from the African American community to achieve equality. In this paper I will be evaluating the stance that Dr. King takes on impatience by looking at Dr. King’s work as well as the work of MahatmaRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr.916 Words   |  4 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr. left a legacy behind like no man before him; his presence was one that completely reshaped the nation. Through his role in the advancement of civil rights by utilizing non-violent methods, he was able to break down the racial barriers built by prejudice and discrimination. Many of his ideals and principles are timeless. His widespread vision is still applied to resolve many issues in today’s society. The six principals of nonviolence from Dr. King are great tools toRead More Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1337 Words   |  6 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr. is, arguably, the most influential African American leader in the history of the United States of America. His â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was delivered on Wednesday, August 28th, 1963 during the March on Washington for Jobs and Equality. His words were captivating and full of hope. The March on Washington for Jobs and Equality was not the first large civil rights march led by African Americans. There were many marches previous such as the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom in

Saturday, December 14, 2019

History Of Medical Tourism Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(68) " perceptual experiences of medical touristry are non ever positive\." Medical touristry is defined as patient motion from extremely developed states to less developed countries of the universe for medical attention by short-circuiting services offered in their ain communities. Medical touristry is different from the traditional theoretical account of international medical travel where patients by and large journey from less developed states to major medical centres in extremely developed states for medical intervention that is unavailable in their ain communities. While the general definition of the MT above screens most of the facets of the phenomenon, there is no international consensus yet on the name of the phenomenon. We will write a custom essay sample on History Of Medical Tourism Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now MT is frequently related to globalisation and neo-liberal health care policies which in this instance considered to sabotage the quality and measure of the services available to middle xlass in place states. Servicess typically sought by travellers include elected processs every bit good as complex specialised surgeries such as joint replacing ( knee/hip ) , cardiac surgery, dental surgery, and decorative surgeries. Persons with rare familial upsets may go to another state where intervention of these conditions is better understood. However, virtually every type of wellness attention, including psychopathology, alternate interventions, convalescent attention and even burial services are available. Over 50 states have identified medical touristry as a national industry. However, accreditation and other steps of quality vary widely across the Earth, and some finishs may go risky or even unsafe for medical tourers. History The first recorded case of medical touristry day of the months back 1000s of old ages to when Greek pilgrims traveled from all over the Mediterranean to the little district in the Saronic Gulf called Epidauria. This district was the sanctuary of the healing God Asklepios. Epidauria became the original travel finish for medical touristry. Spa towns and sanatoriums may be considered an early signifier of medical touristry. In 18th century England, for illustration, patients visited watering places because they were topographic points with purportedly health-giving mineral Waterss, handling diseases from urarthritis to liver upsets and bronchitis. Description Factors that have led to the increasing popularity of medical travel include the high cost of wellness attention, long wait times for certain processs, the easiness and affordability of international travel, and betterments in both engineering and criterions of attention in many states. The turning away of waiting times is the taking factor for medical touristry from the UK, whereas in the US, the chief ground is cheaper monetary values abroad. In 2009, there were 60,000 patients traveling for intervention abroad in the UK. Many surgery processs performed in medical touristry finishs cost a fraction of the monetary value they do in the First World. For illustration a liver graft that costs $ 300,000 USD in America costs about $ 91,000 USD in Taiwan. A big draw to medical travel is convenience and velocity. States that operate public health-care systems are frequently so taxed that it can take considerable clip to acquire non-urgent medical attention. Using Canada as an illustration, an estimated 782,936 Canadians exhausted clip on medical waiting lists in 2005, waiting an norm of 9.4 hebdomads. Canada has set waiting-time benchmarks, e. g. 26 hebdomads for a hip replacing and 16 hebdomads for cataract surgery, for non-urgent medical processs. Medical tourers come from a assortment of locations including Europe, the Middle East, Japan, the United States, and Canada. Factors that drive demand for medical services abroad in First World states include: big populations, relatively high wealth, the high disbursal of wellness attention or deficiency of wellness attention options locally, and progressively high outlooks of their populations with regard to wellness attention. In First World states like the United States medical touristry has big growing chances and potentially destabilizing deductions. A prognosis by Deloitte Consulting published in August 2008 projected that medical touristry arising in the US could leap by a factor of 10 over the following decennary. An estimated 750,000 Americans went abroad for wellness attention in 2007, and the study estimated that a million and a half would seek wellness attention outside the US in 2008. The growing in medical touristry has the possible to be US wellness attention suppliers one million millions of dollars in lost gross. An authorization at the Harvard Business School late stated that â€Å" medical touristry is promoted much more to a great extent in the United Kingdom than in the United States † . Additionally, some patients in some First World states are happening that insurance either does non cover orthopaedic surgery ( such as knee/hip replacing ) or limits the pick of the installation, sawbones, or prosthetics to be used. Medical touristry for knee/hip replacings has emerged as one of the more widely accepted processs because of the lower cost and minimum troubles associated with the going to/from the surgery. Popular medical travel worldwide finishs include: Argentina, Brunei, Cuba, Colombia, Costa Rica, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Jordan, Lithuania, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, and late, Saudi Arabia, UAE, South Korea, Tunisia, Ukraine, and New Zealand. Popular decorative surgery travel finishs include: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Turkey, Thailand and Ukraine. In South America, states such as Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Colombia lead on plastic surgery medical accomplishments trusting on their experient plastic sawboness. In Bolivia and Colombia, plastic surgery has besides become rather common. Harmonizing to the â€Å" SociedadBoliviana de CirugiaPlastica y Reconstructiva † , more than 70 % of center and upper category adult females in the state hold had some signifier of plastic surgery. Colombia besides provides advanced attention in cardiovascular and graft surgery. In Europe Belgium, Poland, Slovakia, and Ukraine are besides interrupting into the concern. South Africa is taking the term â€Å" medical touristry † really literally by advancing their â€Å" medical campaign † . A specialised subset of medical touristry is generative touristry and generative outsourcing, which is the pattern of going abroad to undergo in-vitro fertilisation, foster gestation and other aided generative engineering interventions including stop deading embryos for retro-production. However, perceptual experiences of medical touristry are non ever positive. You read "History Of Medical Tourism Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" In topographic points like the US, which has high criterions of quality, medical touristry is viewed as hazardous. In some parts of the universe, wider political issues can act upon where medical tourers will take to seek out wellness attention. Health touristry suppliers have developed as mediators to unify possible medical tourers with supplier infirmaries and other organisations. Companies are get downing to offer planetary wellness attention options that will enable North American and European patients to entree universe wellness attention at a fraction of the cost of domestic attention. Companies that focus on medical value travel typically provide nurse instance directors to help patients with pre- and post-travel medical issues. They besides help supply resources for follow-up attention upon the patient ‘s return. Procedure The typical procedure is as follows: the individual seeking medical intervention abroad contacts a medical touristry supplier. The supplier normally requires the patient to supply a medical study, including the nature of complaint, local physician ‘s sentiment, medical history, and diagnosing, and may bespeak extra information. Certified physicians or advisers so rede on the medical intervention. The approximative outgo, pick of infirmaries and tourer finishs, and continuance of stay, etc. , is discussed. After subscribing consent bonds and understandings, the patient is given recommendation letters for a medical visa, to be procured from the concerned embassy. The patient travels to the finish state, where the medical touristry supplier assigns a instance executive, who takes attention of the patient ‘s adjustment, intervention and any other signifier of attention. Once the intervention is done, the patient can stay in the tourer finish or return place. International health care accreditation Chief article: International health care accreditation International health care accreditation is the procedure of attesting a degree of quality for health care suppliers and plans across multiple states. International healthcare accreditation organisations certify a broad scope of healthcare plans such as infirmaries, primary attention centres, medical conveyance, and ambulatory attention services. The oldest international accrediting organic structure is Accreditation Canada, once known as the Canadian Council on Health Services Accreditation, which accredited the Bermuda Hospital Board every bit shortly as 1968. Since so, it has accredited infirmaries and wellness service organisations in ten other states. In the United States, the accreditation group Joint Commission International ( JCI ) has been inspecting and recognizing wellness attention installations and infirmaries outside of the United States since 1999. Many international infirmaries today see obtaining international accreditation as a manner to pull American patients. Joint Commission International is a relation of the Joint Commission in the United States. Both are US-style independent private sector not-for-profit organisations that develop nationally and internationally recognized processs and criterions to assist better patient attention and safety. They work with infirmaries to assist them run into Joint Commission criterions for patient attention and so recognize those infirmaries run intoing the criterions. QHA Trent Accreditation, based in the UK, is an active independent holistic accreditation strategy. The different international health care accreditation strategies vary in quality, size, cost, purpose and the accomplishment and strength of their selling. They besides vary in footings of cost to infirmaries and health care establishments doing usage of them. A prognosis by Deloitte Consulting sing medical touristry published in August 2008 noted the value of accreditation in guaranting quality of health care and specifically mentioned JCI, ISQUA and Trent. Increasingly, some infirmaries are looking towards double international accreditation, possibly holding both JCI to cover possible US patronage, QHA Trent for possible British and European patronage, and Accreditation Canada. As a consequence of competition between clinics for American medical tourers, there have been enterprises to rank infirmaries based on patient-reported prosodies. Other organisations supplying parts to quality patterns include: The United Kingdom Accreditation Forum ( UKAF ) is an constituted web of accreditation organisations with the purpose of sharing experience good pattern and new thoughts around the methodological analysis for accreditation plans, covering issues such as developing healthcare quality criterions, execution of criterions within healthcare organisations, appraisal by equal reappraisal and geographic expedition of the equal reappraisal techniques to include the enlisting, preparation, monitoring and rating of equal referees and the mechanisms for awards of commissioned position to organisations. Hazards Medical touristry carries some hazards that locally-provided medical attention does non. Some states, such as India, Malaysia, or Thailand have really different infective disease-related epidemiology to Europe and North America. Exposure to diseases without holding built up natural unsusceptibility can be a jeopardy for diminished persons, specifically with regard to GI diseases ( e.g. Hepatitis A, amebic dysentery, paratyphoid ) which could weaken advancement and expose the patient to mosquito-transmitted diseases, grippe, and TB. However, because in hapless tropical states diseases run the gamut, physicians seem to be more unfastened to the possibility of sing any infective disease, including HIV, TB, and enteric fever, while there are instances in the West where patients were systematically misdiagnosed for old ages because such diseases are perceived to be â€Å" rare † in the West. The quality of post-operative attention can besides change dramatically, depending on the infirmary and state, and may be different from US or European criterions. Besides, going long distances shortly after surgery can increase the hazard of complications. Long flights and decreased mobility associated with window seats can predispose one towards developing deep vena thrombosis and potentially a pneumonic intercalation. Other holiday activities can be debatable as good – for illustration, cicatrixs may go darker and more noticeable if they sunburn while mending. Besides, wellness installations handling medical tourers may miss an equal ailments policy to cover suitably and reasonably with ailments made by disgruntled patients. Differences in healthcare supplier criterions around the universe have been recognised by the World Health Organization, and in 2004 it launched the World Alliance for Patient Safety. This organic structure assists infirmaries and authorities around the universe in puting patient safety policy and patterns that can go peculiarly relevant when supplying medical touristry services. If there are complications, the patient may necessitate to remain in the foreign state for longer than planned or if they have returned place, will non hold easy entree for follow up attention. Legal issues Receiving medical attention abroad may subject medical tourers to unfamiliar legal issues. The limited nature of judicial proceeding in assorted states is one ground for the lower cost of attention overseas. While some states presently showing themselves as attractive medical touristry finishs provide some signifier of legal redresss for medical malpractice, these legal avenues may be unappealing to the medical tourer. Should jobs originate, patients might non be covered by equal personal insurance or might be unable to seek compensation via malpractice cases. Hospitals and/or physicians in some states may be unable to pay the fiscal amendss awarded by a tribunal to a patient who has sued them, owing to the infirmary and/or the physician non possessing appropriate insurance screen and/or medical insurance. Ethical issues There can be major ethical issues around medical touristry. For illustration, the illegal purchase of variety meats and tissues for organ transplant had been alleged in states such as India and China [ 33 ] prior to 2007. The Declaration of Istanbul distinguishes between ethically debatable â€Å" transplant touristry † and â€Å" travel for organ transplant † . Medical touristry may raise broader ethical issues for the states in which it is promoted. For illustration in India, some argue that a â€Å" policy of ‘medical touristry for the categories and wellness missions for the multitudes ‘ will take to a deepening of the unfairnesss † already embedded in the wellness attention system. In Thailand, in 2008 it was stated that, â€Å" Doctors in Thailand have become so busy with aliens that Thai patients are holding problem acquiring attention † . Medical touristry centred on new engineerings, such as root cell interventions, is frequently criticized on evidences of fraud, blazing deficiency of scientific principle and patient safety. However, when open uping advanced engineerings, such as supplying ‘unproven ‘ therapies to patients outside of regular clinical tests, it is frequently disputing to distinguish between acceptable medical invention and unacceptable patient development. Employer-sponsored wellness attention in the United states Some US employers have begun researching medical travel plans as a manner to cut employee wellness attention costs. Such proposals have raised stormy arguments between employers and trade brotherhoods stand foring workers, with one brotherhood saying that it deplored the â€Å" lurid new attack † of offering employees overseas intervention in return for a portion of the company ‘s nest eggs. The brotherhoods besides raise the issues of legal liability should something travel incorrect, and possible occupation losingss in the US wellness attention industry if intervention is outsourced. Employers may offer inducements such as paying for air travel and relinquishing out-of-pocket disbursals for attention outside of the US. For illustration, in January 2008, Hannaford Bros. , a supermarket concatenation based in Maine, began paying the full medical measure for employees to go to Singapore for hip and articulatio genus replacings, including travel for the patient and comrade. Medical travel bundles can incorporate with all types of wellness insurance, including limited benefit programs, preferred supplier organisations and high deductible wellness programs. In 2000 Blue Shield of California began the United States ‘ first cross boundary line wellness program. Patients in California could go to one of the three certified infirmaries in Mexico for intervention under California Blue Shield. In 2007, a subordinate of BlueCross BlueShield of South Carolina, Companion Global Healthcare, teamed up with infirmaries in Thailand, Singapore, Turkey, Ireland, Costa Rica and India. Angstrom 2008 article in Fast Company discusses the globalisation of health care and depict how assorted participants in the US health care market have begun to research it. For centuries wellness has been one of the chief motives for travel. Traveling for a alteration of weather so as to better or to reconstruct 1s ‘ strength/health has ever existed. History hints it long back, though particular topographic points or finish for constructing wellness can be positively established since Roman epoch. The Roman Empire constructed ‘baths ‘ popularly known as ‘spas ‘ where assorted health-related services like massage, sweat room, etc. were provided to visitants. Normally, these watering places were believed to be the resting topographic point of Godhead nymph and it was believed that when a visitant used to take a dip in the holy H2O believed to hold developed symbolic relationship with them. Subsequently on, a metropolis ‘Bath ‘ in England became really celebrated as a finish for wellness tourers. This metropolis boasted of baths either built by Romans or constructed on the lines of Roman baths. In modern universe, wellness has become really cherished. Feeling and looking healthy seems to be the mantra for today ‘s fast traveling coevals. Consequently, many wellness related travel services have come up who expressions after both the physical and religious good being of the tour bundle purchaser. The customer/buyer/client/traveler has the pick of picking Tourss from assorted watering places, wellness nines, ayurvedic, yoga and religious centres. These are deriving popularity among corporate traveller who spends rather a batch of clip off from place on concern trips. In this Unit, we will foremost discourse about wellness touristry and its assorted signifiers, and will discourse about its nexus to touristry. Besides we will discourse the assorted wellness touristry merchandises, as you will larn how to design and develop a wellness touristry merchandise. Finally, we will discourse the present and future scenarios and range of wellness touristry. 104 WHAT IS HEALTH TOURISM? Keeping, bettering or reconstructing wellness is one of the incentives for travel. Health touristry constitutes of those travellers who travel for their wellness and to those finishs which cater to these travellers offering them a broad assortment of services. Health travellers might be going to rejuvenate oneself at the watering place, or for keeping their expressions by going to Swiss Cosmetic Surgery Clinics or even to Rishikesh for acquiring religious upliftment for a healthy and spiritualistic life. This section consists of tourers who either travel for merely one particular wellness benefit or others who have desire for a complete bundle. For illustration, traveling to China to acquire treated of backache with stylostixis and G-Jo is the illustration of former going to Kerala forayurvedic intervention for full organic structure. Basically, at present three forms/types of wellness touristry can be identified. They are: 1 ) Change of conditions: A really common tendency among all of us is to go for a alteration of conditions. Largely, after some unwellness or mental injury, physicians prescribe a alteration of conditions, a alteration of scene. For a really long clip this pattern of going to a pleasant topographic point to recover wellness and to rebuild strength has existed. A weather/climate alteration from hot to cold/warm and frailty versa or moisture to dry and frailty versa is seen as a manner of recovering wellness. For illustration, after a turn of asthma one advised to go to a dry, preferred pollution and pollen free part. All of us have either taken such a interruption our ego or at least cognize person, who has. Possibly person among household, friends or relation have taken such a trip after much audience among household members, travel agent and besides doctor. 2 ) Availing A Specialized Service: Many wellness finishs have come up over the old ages. But 1990s have seen a existent roar in wellness touristry, particularly in India. Destination specialising in one service such as hot spring watering place or sulfur geysers or ayurvedic centres or yoga centres have come up. The finishs are now popular as specialised wellness finish. A batch many sites can be found on the cyberspace foregrounding services of such centres, like the wellness watering place around dead sea. Israel is advancing wellness touristry based on Dead Sea in a really large manner. Dead Sea is promoted/marketed as a place/destination with alone combination of salts and minerals, higher O content and curative clay which alleviates skin conditions, muscular, articular and some respiratory jobs. Many sites on the warming effects of Dead Sea are posted by travel agents, province tourer board and besides hotels such as Hyatt Regency. These sites have information on specialised intervention Sessionss for dermatological jobs, Arthritic and Arthritic conditions, Respiratory conditions and so on. Sometimes one watering place or intervention clinic provide merely one service and sometimes all the intervention installation. Similarly, watering places and wellness centres worldwide talk about the â€Å" foundation of young person † springs and hot spring geysers, particularly in New Zealand. 3 ) Boxing A Treatment Finish: The latest tendency in wellness touristry is to box a finish ideal for medical attending and intervention. Largely a peculiar metropolis or a part as a whole is promoted as a topographic point for conventional medical intervention methods. The attractive force here is the low monetary value for the same or better medical installations than at place, along with rubber-necking and going during the convalescence period. Practically, the more serious patients are noteworthy in such travel but the people or household members with them are besides able to go and at times act like tourers. Leading among such intervention travel is Cuba, particularly for the American tourists/patients. India is besides boxing itself in similar footings. Ayurvedic intervention and yoga are two approaching merchandises in this respect in the international touristry market. Thailand is seeking to agitate off its old ill-famed popularity and addition land as a tourer finish for wellness touristry. Talking about Thailand ( as a instance survey ) , it is stressing on long stay wellness attention, wherein the mark patients from developed states can stay/afford long-run intervention off from place. Normally these wellness resorts in Thailand supply medical installations for medical examinations or intervention. The resorts besides incorporate other activities such as traditional Thai massage, watering place and herb tea intervention. Speciality services, such as, dental attention may be arranged on petition and cultural Tourss are normally thrown in. Government of Thailand ordinances require the participating resorts to run into rigorous criterions of service. So far about 60 resorts have applied for reviews. In add-on, short-stay wellness attention marks include executives who would wish to take a short holiday in Thailand and have their periodic al wellness check-up or some minor wellness jobs taken attention of without waiting in long lines. The cost of wellness attention in Thailand is comparatively inexpensive. A coronary beltway at a taking Bangkok infirmary costs US $ 6500, about half the US monetary value. Annual income of Thailand from wellness touristry is estimated to be around US $ 40 million harmonizing to the functionaries at the Ministry of Commerce ( Source on Thailand: www.amn.com/issues/ oct2000/headline/healdine_main.htm ) . 4 ) Special Need Tourism: This is fundamentally a really new tendency. We can non really term it as wellness touristry since the tourers in this instance make non really come for any medical intervention or wellness related issues. But in this instance the tourers are atilt towards those finishs which can provide to the invitee ‘s particular medical demands. We can club this tourer section with wellness touristry, since wellness related factors and grounds lead the tourer to make up one’s mind on a tourer finish. Hospital intervention is non merely dearly-won in Europe but even for operations i little complaints like cataract, etc circuit operators have come up with medical treatment-cum-luxury bundles and these are going progressively popular even in the domestic touristry markets. MARKET RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS Market Research and its analysis is most of import measure when any merchandise or service is to be designed to provide to a specific market section, and to happen or make a niche market. Market research besides plays a important function in planing and developing wellness touristry merchandises since as a blend of touristry and medical service it is a alone touristry merchandise. It is a really specialised service necessitating coaction between both the medical experts and the merchandise interior decorator, i.e. , touristry merchandise and finish service developer. The term ‘medical experts ‘ in wellness touristry field does non restrict itself to the MBBS qualified physicians but it is a term enveloping all the medical practicians, i.e. , medical practicians from both traditional and alternate medical specialties. The alternate medical specialty practician can be an ayurvedic advocate or may be an acupuncture specializer. A complete wellness touristry bundle will see both the potency of the alternate medical specialty and its expert along with the finish ‘s other attractive force. For illustration, the ayurvedic centres of Kerala have packaged their wellness resorts as the wellness attention and greening centres nestled in nature, God ‘s ain state. A alone and tasteful combination of wellness attention and nature has been therefore designed and marketed. Therefore, a niche market has been created and catered to which includes people willing to pay a small excess to bask nature with wellness attention or frailty a versa. Since wellness touristry merchandise is alone in itself, the market research needs to concentrate on two specific facets: 1 ) What does the wellness touristry market and tourer need/require? 2 ) Which finish or does the desired finishs have the resources needed to provide to the market demand? As explained in the earlier portion, the first facet is dealt with in every market research that is undertaken for a new merchandise or service. Let us take up these two facets in item: 1 ) Market and Tourist Need Market: Research is undertaken chiefly to understand the demands and demands of tourers set abouting these wellness touristry bundles or trips. The research helps to chiefly measure as to what facet of wellness touristry, i.e. , the merchandise or service will catch on with the going public. A market niche is looked for or created through publicity of the merchandise. One can make up one’s mind to venture into the market with an bing or wholly new construct. For illustration, an already bing and a really common merchandise in demand among wellness touristry merchandises is the enticement of young person. Although non an complaint, retaining young person has ever been on the top precedence docket of rich and celebrated. We on a regular basis come across advertizements of anti-aging decorative merchandises on assorted media channels. But for the rich and celebrated, anti-ageing intervention involves intervention Sessionss in assorted anti-aging intervention clinics. Media has clip and once more linked clinics in Switzerland with the beauty and verve and young person of most of the Hollywood people and many other people from the universe ‘s who ‘s who have been attracted towards them. Therefore, this facet of wellness touristry forms a ball of the tourer reachings in Switzerland. An bing merchandise in a new finish can besides be decided upon, such as opening ayurvedic wellness clinics in Delhi and so on. A common factor for originating wellness touristry trips is greening. This is a really common incentive and ayurvedic Sessionss are really good known for these. Therefore, market research helps you to make up one’s mind upon your pick of merchandise or services, i.e. , it helps you ascertain which aspect of wellness touristry you should choose for. Besides the market section can be decided upon, whether to concentrate on domestic or international tourers or both, the parts, age group, income group, etc. Therefore, the merchandise developed will be seamster made for the mark market. For illustration, market research might convey forth the fact that domestic tourers of in-between income groups are looking for a wellness Centre which will be economically feasible. Furthermore, the basic demand for wellness attention centres is to acquire rejuvenated and acquire minor complaints taken attention of. Thus, the developer and interior decorator have an thought to work on and the range of developing it as a service to fulfill this peculiar market demand. For seting together an economically feasible bundle the developer will hold to separate between the nucleus merchandise and accessory services. You will read about it in the following Section. 2 ) The 2nd facet is to look into the handiness of resources and experts for the undertaking in inquiry. Each clip a developer considers conveying about a new undertaking the resources, allow it be the land, qualified per sonnel, supply of veggies, etc. besides needs to be considered. Besides the finish has to be assessed decently in footings of handiness, proper substructure and besides the transporting capacity of finish. In add-on to the above, in instance of wellness touristry a few other factors besides need to be considered. Unlike other touristry merchandise, in the instance of wellness touristry all the resources are non from touristry sector, they are from medical fraternity. Before the finish is decided on, a checklist sing the same would be helpful. Development 1. Natural Environment 2. Climate ( Warm, Low Humidity, etc. ) 3. Antique Curio Shops 4. Geysers ( Hot/Sulphur ) 5. Health Resorts ( Traditional/Alternative – Medicine ) 6. Lakes/River 7. Medical Experts 8. Entertainment 9. Beach/Pool 10. Resources for Treatment ( Herbs/Oils, etc. ) 11. Nature Walks 12. Springs ( Hot/Minerals ) 13. Treatment Practitioners 14. Adjustment 15. Subject Restaurant 16. Water Falls 17. Any Alone Feature To this checklist can be added many more points which will assist you to guarantee whether the finish that you have selected as your merchandise base is appropriate or non. Coming up with a universe category merchandise without any long term resource backup will ensue in a bad experience for all involved. This is where Market Analysis comes in. Market analysis will analyze the undertaking in inquiry from all angles get downing with the tourer demands, mark market, the finish with its transporting capacity and sustainability as a finish in footings of resource handiness. The analysis will see all the facets and aid you, the touristry merchandise interior decorator and developer, to come up with a merchandise which would turn out to be both popular and profitable. Of class, you can use the services of advisers or specializers in this respect. Planing THE HEALTH PRODUCT Once you decide on the finish and the wellness attention service that you are traveling to offer, acquiring the right merchandise mix will guarantee that you get maximal returns on your investings in footings of money and attempts. To make up one’s mind on your merchandise mix you need to see whether you would: i‚ ·iˆ be supplying specialized services. For illustration, AyurvedicCentres for bosom patient, stylostixis Centres for back jobs, etc. , i‚ ·iˆ be situated right in the bosom of town or outside the metropolis bounds. For illustration, say wellness attention Centres in the bosom of town/city for the chronic patients looking for rehabilitation and who can non travel far, and i‚ ·iˆ have a new merchandise and make a market for it or work out a niche for yourself in the bing market. For illustration, anti-ageing clinics are ever a hit. Once you decide on the merchandise or type of merchandise you want, merchandise planing comes in. Merchandise planing helps you to give the coveted form to your product/service and make up one’s mind on the merchandise mix. As you have read in MTM-6 and predating Unit of measurements that the best attack to plan touristry products/services is to separate between the nucleus and the encouraging attractive forces. Core attractive force is the basic need a service supplier is seeking to supply for while back uping attractive forces are the accessory services associated with the basic demand. We will near the designing of a touristry service on the footing of the five merchandise degrees as mentioned by Philip Kotler. Let us once more consider the illustration of a wellness resort which is economically feasible. The demand was felt specifically for a wellness attention Centre supplying intervention of minor complaints and greening bundles. The product/service to be provided was decided upon as anayurvedic bundle. So the five degrees would be: LEVEL 1 CORE BENEFIT Rejuvenation Package Degree 2 GENERIC PRODUCT Ayurvedic Centre LEVEL 3 EXPECTED PRODUCT Ayurvedic intervention with herbs and oils, Qualified practitioner/expert, nutrient, adjustment Degree 4 AUGMENTED PRODUCT Various Rejuvenation Programmer ( Rasayna Chikitsa, Kayakalp Chikitsa, Sweda Karma and others ) , Qualified and Expert Practitioners, Accommodation in AC Rooms or bungalows, Multicuisine Restaurant Degree 5 POTENTIAL PRODUCT Gymnasium, Herbal Steam Bath, Medicated Pool, Mineral Bath, Herbal Garden, Indoor and Outdoor Games, A ccommodation with intervention suites and kitchen, Multi-cuisine Restaurant supplying nutrient of your pick or diet nutrient as advised by the physicians, etc. The above theoretical account shows the measure by measure procedure to plan a merchandise. Identifying a demand and so adding assorted extra attractive forces lead to the designing of a merchandise or service. Supplying the excess gives you the border over your rivals. In the modern service industry, more value add-ons are given to pull and retain clients. For illustration, one of the wellness attentions in Kerala provides a combination of services. The Centre is accessible from Cochin or Calicut airdrome and harmonizing to their web site, it is situated in the beautiful countryside of Kerala. Their merchandise design combines all the attractive forces mentioned in degree 5 along with trips to local tourer musca volitanss, elephant cantonments, etc. Besides occupant and visiting physicians provide audience and supervise interventions. ( Beginning: www.ayurveda-in.com ) . Let ‘s now consider another illustration covering with another facet of wellness touristry, viz. ‘rehabilitation ‘ . Rehabilitation is chiefly after a individual has undergone some serious unwellness, but this term is really normally used merely in context of the people who are chemically dependent. As the instance may be, the tourer in inquiry could be a post-operative patient or person retrieving from a turn of serious unwellness or accident. So, while planing the merchandise, the degrees can be: LEVEL 1 CORE BENEFIT Rehabilitation Degree 2 GENERIC PRODUCT Rehabilitation Centre LEVEL 3 EXPECTED PRODUCT Medical installations, Doctors on call, Nurses, Accommodation and Food. Degree 4 AUGMENTED PRODUCT All types of Medical Facility ( Labs, OT, latest appliances, CT Scan installations, etc. ) , both Resident Doctors and sing Experts, 24 hours Observation under specially trained and experienced nurses, different types/categories of adjustment and nutrient. Degree 5 POTENTIAL PRODUCT World Renowned Medical Consultants, Special Units for different unwellness, Reding s essions with head-shrinkers, natural beauty of the country environing the clinic, trips to local attractive forces, wellness edifice exercisings with physical therapists, etc. From the above illustration you can see that to get at the right merchandise mix, one needs to hold an in deepness cognition about the services associated with the merchandise you are be aftering to plan or sell and merely so one can make up one’s mind upon the back uping attractions/ancillary services that goes with a basic or nucleus service. Geting the right merchandise mix will guarantee that you get maximal returns, the premier motivation behind running/any endeavor. Development AND POSITIONING THE HEALTH TOURISM PRODUCT Once you have decided on your merchandise mix, it ‘s clip for you to develop it and place it in the market and eventually make a niche. Developing the product/service involves developing the substructure to prolong the tourer flow and besides the merchandise while developing a merchandise we need to see the followers ( Beginning: The Tourism Development Handbook, by Kerry Godfrey and Jackie Clarke ) : 1 ) Product Life Cycle: One needs to see all the growing facets of the merchandise. Just developing a merchandise is non the beginning and terminal of the merchandise development instead merchandise should be developed in such a mode that it sustains the tourer involvement for a long manner to come. For illustration: Take the illustration of yoga and wellness bundles in Rishikesh. So to develop the merchandise for long term, allow ‘s see the stairss that will be involved: 1st twelvemonth Yoga classes particular for novices 2nd twelvemonth Yoga categories for bring arounding specific complaints 3rd twelvemonth Yoga + Reiki 4th twelvemonth Yoga + Reiki + Ayurveda 5th twelvemonth Yoga + Reiki + Ayurveda + Spiritual upliftment negotiations and so on. We can maintain on adding characteristics to the above to prolong tourist involvement. 2 ) The Product Portfolio: This phase makes you see the assorted facets of the interrelatedness between gross produced and resources used. For illustration, sectioning the resources used harmonizing to the mark market enables you to maintain path of gross and resources. Making Ayurveda bundles to cover with specific complaint is an illustration of this. 3 ) Relevant Gaps: One can add more to the merchandise line and consequently lengthen it or intensify it. i‚ ·iˆ Lengthen – by adding more merchandises to an bing line, like spiritualty, speculation, negotiations on yoga. i‚ ·iˆ Deepen – by adding more merchandise points such as forte intervention in Ayurveda and so on 4 ) Analysis of Tourist Satisfaction: A cheque on the services provided should be maintained by judging the tourer reaction to them. A cheque on tourer reaction helps one decide on upgrading and supplying better services. Regular feedback system through questionnaire or interface with tourers can ever assist you in bettering or adding value to your services. 5 ) Development of Product Differentiation: The merchandise should be distinguishable from rivals and hold an individuality ( branding ) . This would guarantee that your merchandise stands out to the tourer. For illustration, opening an Ayurveda Centre, complete with modern wellness attention installations and the kernel of ancient baths of Romans would be more than an ayurvedic Centre and would be more of a wellness attention Centre. It is up to you as developer to separate the assorted merchandise degrees and come up with a unique sustainable merchandise so as to fulfill the identified market demands and have speedy returns on your investings. Once the merchandise is developed, you need to present the merchandise via proper promotional methods. This would guarantee that the mark market is made cognizant of the merchandise and the merchandise gets positioned consequently. Merchandise placement is about making the mark market and making a distinguishable individuality as a merchandise. For illustration, Kerala has positioned itself as Gods ain land where God blesses the conservators or medical practicians to rejuvenate the wellness of ailing enduring visitants. FUTURE TRENDS AND SCOPE OF HEALTH TOURISM A tendency that shows much range in future is the travel taken by people to hold surgeries performed in a foreign state. There are assorted grounds for this. For illustration, there is a long waiting line for operations like cataract in UK and the cost is besides high. Such operations are easy done in India and at a much lower cost. Many states including India are sing for this tourer bracket by projecting themselves as states with best medical attention installations and chances for hassle free convalescence. With the increasing figure of in-between aged and senior citizens all the touristry merchandises are targeted at these markets. An ageless merchandise for wellness touristry is the enticement of young person. This touristry wellness merchandise will ever hold takers. The tendency traveling on shows a tilt towards alternate medical intervention and for some clip to come the joust will be towards alternate intervention. An of import factor to see here is that although wellness touristry attracts tourers from universe over, for a state like India it ‘s the domestic tourers who can play a major portion in gross coevals. And, hence, merchandises developed should ever see them. Why Health Tourism in India? Health Tourism in India is a turning construct because of assorted grounds. Low cost surgeries and medical interventions such as complex Bone Marrow graft, liver graft, kidney graft, specialised cardiac/heart surgery, surgeries for hip joint replacing, knee joint replacing, dental surgery, and decorative surgeries, to advert a few. All these surgical processs are carried out by adept physicians. India has assorted state-of-the-art medical institutes and infirmaries of international criterions. Peoples all around the universe are eager to see the diverseness and integrity of India. So, when they get the advantage of medical intervention along with a double advantage of acquiring to go India, they choose India over others. Relatively the cost of surgery in India is estimated to be one-tenth of that in the United States or Western Europe, and sometimes even less. A heart-valve replacing that would be $ 200,000 or more in the US, for illustration, goes for $ 10,000 in India — and that includes round-trip airfare and a brief holiday bundle. Similarly there are other such surgical processs that cost less in India. Chennai ( once known as Madras ) , the capital metropolis of the Indian province of Tamil Nadu, has been declared India ‘s Health Capital, as it nets in 48 % of wellness tourers from abroad and 37-41 % of domestic wellness tourers. How to cite History Of Medical Tourism Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Number of Specimen Records to Develop †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Number of Specimen Records to Develop. Answer: Introduction: Climate changes is deliberated a major threat towards biodiversity because environmental distribution of right habitat for several plant species is likely to transform with wide series of growths and reductions in few cases enhancing the major risk that is related to population isolation. This literature review include various tools used for identifying the changes in the climate and its effects according to many authors. Vulnerable species that are majorly seen in rainforest groups are measured to be very predominantly vulnerable to changes in climate because of the traits that include narrow thermal tolerances, moderately minor population sizes and constrained distributions as well. Historical changes in the climate which has taken place in late Quaternary Period has led to major contraction of Australian rainforest majorly affected the refuge who persisted below historical climate fluctuations. Nevertheless, this report also contains huge changes in temperature and variation in pr ecipitation under the projected variations in climate have potential to contract or increase the range of habitat of already existing patchy rainforest communities in Australia. Subtropical rainforests dwell the interface that takes place between tropical and temperate influences, therefore projected changes in the conditions of climate have an adverse impact on those communities. Subtropical rainforest communities that are found in Southeast Queensland have a huge number of species diversity and it contains large number of endangered and exposed species. However, vegetarians in these regions are highly fragmented and nearly 56% of the major vegetarians are removed because of extensive terrestrial clearing and large species are now at hazard of destruction (Sgro, Lowe Hoffmann, 2011). Here the following literature review will discuss the major ideas of many authors based on the climatic effects on Australia. According to the study conducted by Proosdij (2016), it was found that changes in the climate has adversely affected the huge number of species particularly to plants in the entire world. Species distribution model also known as SDMs are widely used for project future habitat dispersals of a species by using climate change scenarios. This model is positively useful on minor numbers of incidence archives. One of the widely used is the genus Triunia which contain four different species that takes place in tropical to subtropical Australian rainforests between north Queensland and northern New South Wales. Similarly, Tribunia Robusta is very long-lasting, subtropical rainforest shrub which has been described to have less than 750 adult plants enduring across 17 small inhabitants in Southeast Queensland and is defined as Endangered by the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), and IUCN Red List of threatened plants. Practical evidences recommends that T ribunia Robusta has earlier low levels of gene flow and very few dispersion among inhabitants. Tribunia Robusta night have been more ample in the scenario of landscape which is former to territory division which follows the European settlements. The major impact of changes in the climate in the species habitat requires investigation that will enable planning in order to upkeep its conservation and persistence in near future (Shimizu-Kimura, Accad Shapcott, 2017). Later according to Parmesan Yohe (2003), it was thoroughly investigated and potential changes in dispersal of climate appropriate habitation for Tribunia Robusta below several temperature changes in order to recognize refuge or likely translocation locations for upcoming population super vision. A special investigation includes some of the major questions like at which place the inhabitants of Tribunia Robusta found in eastern Australia lives, what type of flora communities do they ensue in, and how are they appropriate will that habitat be in upcoming days. Another issue is the range of species distribution which is totally dependent on the present locations describing the climatic suitability of surroundings for Tribunia Robusta which is probable to withdraw or increase with reply to climate variations and the last issue is which inhabitants inside the species circulation series are more prospective to persist beneath anticipated climate alteration (Pandolfi, Connolly, Marshall C ohen, 2011). Two major tests were conducted and investigated. The first one is eastern Australia (the political jurisdictions of Queensland and New South Wales), integrating the presently recognized distribution of Tribunia in Australia which is centered on herbarium receipt records. The second one is Southeast Queensland surrounding the identified distribution variety of Tribunia Robusta. All majorly 17 well known population were stayed and residence of the nearly centroid of every population was precisely noted by a handheld GPS device. The trial size taken was in the variety of sample records in order to create accurate SDMs (Wernberg et al., 2011). According to Hilbert, OstendorfHopkinsand (2001), it was argued that contemporary changes in the climate above the last 100yeras has caused variations in the habitat circulation of several species by this time (Laurance et al., 2011). Habitat distributions of numerous species of plant which are found in hot and subtropical area of coastal eastern Australia are expected in order to display southward variety growth and upslope reduction because of increasing high temperature and changing styles of rain. Affected climate driven southward growth of the possible habitat varieties was anticipated laterally the coastal eastern Australia for Tribunia Robusta (Hughes, 2011). Appropriate habitat zones in north Queensland are expected to be the major and poorest affected, with habitat varieties viewing large southward and upslope fall, which might effect on survivorship, susceptibility to illness, and procreative accomplishment of current inhabitants of its congeneric types, agreed their partia l dispersal capability to trail appropriate habitat. Thus, the outcomes indicated a likely appearance of novel climatically right habitat parts in central New South Wales, which may develop feasible translocation locations in the upcoming, if substrate circumstances are too established to be appropriate (Corlett, 2011). The two nested reading areas are presented: (1) eastern Australia (the radical jurisdictions of Queensland and Different South Wales), and (2) southeast Queensland, usually showed by a box. However, it not only affect the contemporary changes, but fauna is also highly affected due to the climate changes in the Australia. According to the research which was published in PLOS ONE, it was found that about half of 200 species of Australia are highly threatened due to the changes that are found in climate. Changes in the climate is one of the crucial contributors that has contributed to global biodiversity losses and it also affects the plant and animal in huge number of ways. Some of the species are affected directly by rise in sea level or decline in snow melt. Apart from this, some species might lose a pollinator or victim species that they depend on. Fauna which cannot move away to more suitable habitats or those who are not left with appropriate habitat, risk factor is highly becoming extinct in nature. So, it is very necessary to understand the effects of changes in climate on fauna and help them out to survive (Shoo, OMara, Perhans, 2014). According to a recent study based on global climatic changes, it was found that between 11-15% of amphibian species are highly threatened by the changes that are seen in the climate. However, it totally depends on how much the entire world warms (Williams, et al., 2012). Yet, people are still unaware about how to assist those species because people do not know the reasons behind the vulnerability of the species of the individuals. So, a document is set to determine the number of threatened species that survive in Australia which are likely to be effected by the changes in the climate. So, a balanced segment of species which include mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds and plants are analyzed thoroughly and assessed by using a method which has been urbanized by Nature serve (Lesley, 2003). It was found that more than 45% of all the threatened species are abstemiously to highly vulnerable, which includes a huge varieties of flora and fauna. The Mountain Pygmy Possum is the species which is most vulnerable to changes in the climate. It is threatened because of the increment in the Snow Belt and later, habitat loss through the expansion of Ski resorts. Largely, and more often not surprisingly, the most vulnerable species that reacts to changes in the climate are amphibians. It is because they have tiny and segmented distributions and they mostly depend heavily on a specific moisture regimes and biotic habitants as well. The second most vulnerable species that is affected are plants. It takes place because they have quite low dispersal capability which restrict them to move freely as that of animals. And moreover, they totally depends on the majorly types of soil. Birds are the one who are least vulnerable because of the climate change because they are good dispensers. In addition to this, there are majorly three most persistent factors for all the considered threatened species. The factors are low genetic variation, dependency on specific patterns of disturbance and reliance on specific forms of rainfall or habitants (Hagger, Fisher, Schmid, Blomberg, 2013). Critically, the major reasons behind the threatened species which are highly vulnerable to changes in the climate varies evidently across the Australia. Alongside the south east coastline, the most important driving factors were more reliable on specific forms of disturbance and low genetic variation. The other key factor which drives vulnerability of the fauna lives in the upper Northern Territory. All the targeted regions are supposed to set a ground of actions which will address all the necessary factors that causes changes in the climate and create vulnerability of the species as well (Duarte, 2012). There are some corrective action which can be taken to help those species. Once all the drivers are wholly understood, the countermeasures can be easily taken. Actions taken must be targeted in order to assist the species to the changes in the climate and they must be given an opportunity to lead a best life in future (Clark, 2007). For an example, one can surge moisture in an environment that will assist and support amphibians by fixing microhabitat refugees or manipulating the levels of moisture at breeding sites directly by setting up irrigation sprayers. Similarly, the south coast line of Australia can be aided by having some majorly dedicated areas which are particularly managed and controlled in order to maintain proper forms and patterns of fire. Other counter measures includes habitat restoration that will reduce the growing fragmentation. So, in order to serve these species, novel and unique strategies must be followed which will overcome the impending changes in the climate (Boulter, 2012). Thus, from the above study, it can be summarized that SDM is a most commonly used tool in order to evaluate general leanings of changes in climate that effects on the present and upcoming habitat circulation of Tribunia Robusta at continental as well as regional balances. This tool also helps to recommend potential conservation priority locations for the extended time perseverance of the species. In order to additional discriminate areas of Tribunia Robusta for long time persistence, SDMs must be more refined with higher resolutions (Allen et al., 2010). References Allen, C. D., Macalady, A. K., Chenchouni, H., Bachelet, D., McDowell, N., Vennetier, M., Gonzalez, P. (2010). A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest ecology and management, 259(4), 660-684. Boulter, S. (2012). A Preliminary Assessment of the Vulnerability of Australian Forests to the Impacts of Climate Change Synthesis. National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast, pp. 254. Clark, D. A. (2007). Detecting tropical forests responses to global climatic and atmospheric change: current challenges and a way forward. Biotropica, 39, 419. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00227.x Corlett, R. T. (2011). Impacts of warming on tropical lowland rainforests. Trends in Ecology Evolution, 26(11), 606-613. Duarte, H. (2012). Can amphibians take the heat? Vulnerability to climate warming in subtropical and temperate larval amphibian communities. Global Change Biology, 18, 412421 https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02518.x Hagger, V., Fisher, D., Schmidt, S. Blomberg, S. (2013). Assessing the vulnerability of an assemblage of subtropical rainforest vertebrate species to climate change in south-east Queensland. Austral Ecology, 38: 465475. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02437.x Hilbert, D. W., Ostendorf, B. Hopkins, M. S. (2001). Sensitivity of tropical forests to climate change in the humid tropics of north Queensland. Austral. Ecol.26, 590603. Hughes, L. (2011). Climate change and Australia: key vulnerable regions. Regional Environmental Change, 11(1), 189-195. Laurance, W. F., Useche, D. C., Shoo, L. P., Herzog, S. K., Kessler, M., Escobar, F., Hietz, P. (2011). Global warming, elevational ranges and the vulnerability of tropical biota. Biological Conservation, 144(1), 548-557. Lesley, H. (2003). Climate change and Australia: Trends, projections and impacts. Austral Ecology (2003) 28, 423443 https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01300.x Pandolfi, J. M., Connolly, S. R., Marshall, D. J., Cohen, A. L. (2011). Projecting coral reef futures under global warming and ocean acidification. Science, 333(6041), 418-422. Parmesan, C. Yohe, G. (2003). A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature.421, 3742. Sgro, C. M., Lowe, A. J., Hoffmann, A. A. (2011). Building evolutionary resilience for conserving biodiversity under climate change. Evolutionary Applications, 4(2), 326-337. Shimizu-Kimura, Y., Accad, A., Shapcott, S. (2017). The relationship between climate change and the endangered rainforest shrub Triunia Robusta (Proteaceae) endemic to southeast Queensland, Australia. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/srep46399 Shoo, L.P., OMara, J., Perhans, K. (2014). Moving beyond the conceptual: specificity in regional climate change adaptation actions for biodiversity in South East Queensland, Australia. Regional Environmental Change. 14(2): 435 447. Retrieved from https://doi-org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/10.1007/s10113-012-0385-3 Van Proosdij, A. S. J., Sosef, M. S. M., Wieringa, J. J. Raes, N. (2016). Minimum required number of specimen records to develop accurate species distribution models. Ecography39, 542552. Wernberg, T., Russell, B. D., Moore, P. J., Ling, S. D., Smale, D. A., Campbell, A., Connell, S. D. (2011). Impacts of climate change in a global hotspot for temperate marine biodiversity and ocean warming. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 400(1-2), 7-16. Williams, K.J., Dunlop, M., Bustamante, R.H., Murphy, H.T, Ferrier, S., Wise, R.M., Liedloff, A., Skewes, T., Harwood, T.D, Kroon, F., Williams, R.J., Joehnk, K., Crimp, S., Stafford Smith, M., James, C. and Booth, T. (2012). Queensland's. Biodiversity under climate change: impacts. And adaptation synthesis report. Canberra: CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship; csiro: EP116457. https://doi.org/10.4225/08/584af17b3c016

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Write an Essay That Outlines the View That a Consumer Society Is a Divided Society free essay sample

The views of retail parks included, ‘safe, convenient and modern places for families to shop’ (Jackson, 2009, p. 45) and with many retail parks becoming available, the divide becomes apparent when peoples access, or lack of access as the case may be is shown. Lack of mobility and transport is cause for some of the divide in consumer society when people are unable to reach retail parks therefore these in Bauman’s terms would be the ‘repressed’. This would take assumption that those in the seduced category are ones with the above views regarding retail parks and those with money to spend and transport to travel there. This type of exclusion in society is therefore unequal, and the seduced could be seen to have an exclusive membership to a consuming society simply because the repressed are unable to participate. This exclusivity however isn’t one that cannot be changed or altered, due to people’s circumstances changing. We will write a custom essay sample on Write an Essay That Outlines the View That a Consumer Society Is a Divided Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such as a ‘seduced’ person losing their job, would result in them being unable to continue consuming fully changing their status and changing them into the ‘repressed’ group, similarly a ‘repressed’ individual who learns to drive and could then move into a position to contribute to consumer societies better. The idea that some people are excluded from society by what they decide and are able to consume is part of the theory by Thorstein Veblen, in which he used the term ‘conspicuous consumption’ to explain how many people hoose to display their choices of consumption in order to be accepted into social networks, or to simply show their identities (Veblen, cited in Hetherington, 2009, p 32). This theory by Veblen can show the divide in consumer society because some people are able to buy items considered as ‘luxury’ items such as cars, homes, and clothes and would therefore be the people considered to be main contributor s in consumer society. In Veblen’s theory it would mean some people become excluded due to their failure to consume items thought of as a sign of wealth. This results in people not looking as if they are a valued member of society and can be seen as being worthless in society. Veblen’s book The Theory of the Leisure Class, was published about how people such as the newly rich, successful industrialists and their families often would purchase items for the main reason of making a positive impression to others rather than a specific purpose, (Making Social Lives, p, 31).. In contrast in the area of Linwood, many see a new development as a ‘positive-sum game, where due to ‘mutual exploitation’ everyone involved benefits and all are winners’ (learning companion, 2009, p19). The two views are very different with peoples preference on a where to consume creating divides in opinion. Many oppose the building of more large supermarkets, especially Partick believing it will take over the local area and restrict peoples consuming choices especially as Tesco already operates over 3700 stores in 13 countries, just over 2000 of these are in the UK (Competition Commission, 2008); whereas Linwood is pro supermarket as residents want the area to be regenerated. The idea that consuming society is a divided society can be seen in many places and by individual people. Many social scientists, such as Bauman, Veblen and Wrong have come up with theories, all of which have shown consuming society as having divides and not being completely equal. Bauman displayed ideas that members of society are categorised into the ‘seduced’ and ‘repressed’ depending on how they consume. Veblen and his theory show consuming paying a large part in people’s lives and the way they interact with what they consume builds their identity and their place within a growing consuming society. Many people end up becoming unable to consume which excludes them, as well as this, new consuming proposals, such as the developments in Partick and Linwood end up dividing people’s opinions on consuming due to the way they feel about their current communities which is shown in the zero-sum and positive-sum theory of Wrong. This issue of a divided consuming society is one that is likely to remain as new developments are produced which continues to split people’s opinions, exclude people and structure the way we view our consuming society.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Free Essays on Video Game Violence

In the game Carmageddon, players run down pedestrians, including elderly women with walkers. If a player completes all levels of this game, he or she will have killed a maximum of 33,000 people† (Mediascope Press 2). Violence in video games has been a topic of debate in recent years, with concerns on whether violence in video games has an aggressive effect on children. Violence in video games makes children more aggressive and hostile; in addition, â€Å"video game violence makes children desensitized to violence, which can lead to violence at school and home† (Barnes 1). Video games that incorporate violence shouldn’t be played by young children. Young children don’t fully understand the difference between fantasy and reality. On the other hand, older kids know the difference between fantasy and reality, and right and wrong. Therefore older children should be allowed to play video games that contain violence. Some people say that kids are attracted to video games not so much by the violence, but because the games present puzzles or problems to solve (Sherry 1). If this is true, then why in a 1998 survey â€Å"80% of the video games preferred by young people contain violent or aggressive content; of these, 21% depict violence against women† (Mediascope Press 1). Also â€Å"in a survey of 900 fourth graders disclosed similar results: 50% of the respondents chose games with fantasy or human violence as their favorites† (Mediascope Press 1). Finally, â€Å"Two studies at the Psychology Department at the University of Missouri-Columbia concluded that men have a more hostile view of the world than women. The results from both studies are consistent with the General Aggression Model, which predicts that exposure to violent video games will increase aggressive behavior in both short term and the long term†(Anderson 1). Other people argue that virtually every new video and computer game released today carries a rating... Free Essays on Video Game Violence Free Essays on Video Game Violence â€Å"Frank, Betty, you’re right on time. Please come in,† Glenna asked as she and her husband Chris greeted their long time friends at the door. â€Å"Dinner is about ready, please have a seat,† Glenna invited as she hustled to the kitchen. â€Å"Can I help at all?† Betty hollered as Glenna scurried along. â€Å"Nah, thanks for the offer, but I’m just finishing up,† she responded from across the room. As Glenna set down the last bowl of food she bellowed for everyone to come and eat. â€Å"Where is Mark,† Betty asked, referring to Glenna and Chris’ 13 year-old son, as she sat down. â€Å"He is playing those God-forsaken video games,† Chris replied with disgust in his tone. â€Å"Yeah, he hardly ever wants to do anything with us anymore, much less eat dinner,† Glenna added with the same tone. I’ll bring him a plate in a bit; let’s pray.† Video games are a very popular means of entertainment among adolescents today. They offer a much needed, long sought after, cure for Boredom. However, there are many concerns surrounding video games. The frontrunner among these concerns is video game violence. This is a very real and pertinent issue because the teens that are being saturated with this violence on an everyday basis are the only hope for a better tomorrow. Moreover, if this violence is influencing them to treat life as meaningless, then there must be some kind of action taken to stop this desensitization. The problem of violence in video games has been pushed off and ignored for long enough. It is about time that we confront this problem in a hard-nosed manner to see if there is a cause for concern about our youth. First of all, we will discuss what video game violence is. From there we will examine the effects it has on the user’s family life, his social life, him physically, and finally, psychologically. In order to draw accurate conclusions on this issue, we must first define and explain what video game viol... Free Essays on Video Game Violence In the game Carmageddon, players run down pedestrians, including elderly women with walkers. If a player completes all levels of this game, he or she will have killed a maximum of 33,000 people† (Mediascope Press 2). Violence in video games has been a topic of debate in recent years, with concerns on whether violence in video games has an aggressive effect on children. Violence in video games makes children more aggressive and hostile; in addition, â€Å"video game violence makes children desensitized to violence, which can lead to violence at school and home† (Barnes 1). Video games that incorporate violence shouldn’t be played by young children. Young children don’t fully understand the difference between fantasy and reality. On the other hand, older kids know the difference between fantasy and reality, and right and wrong. Therefore older children should be allowed to play video games that contain violence. Some people say that kids are attracted to video games not so much by the violence, but because the games present puzzles or problems to solve (Sherry 1). If this is true, then why in a 1998 survey â€Å"80% of the video games preferred by young people contain violent or aggressive content; of these, 21% depict violence against women† (Mediascope Press 1). Also â€Å"in a survey of 900 fourth graders disclosed similar results: 50% of the respondents chose games with fantasy or human violence as their favorites† (Mediascope Press 1). Finally, â€Å"Two studies at the Psychology Department at the University of Missouri-Columbia concluded that men have a more hostile view of the world than women. The results from both studies are consistent with the General Aggression Model, which predicts that exposure to violent video games will increase aggressive behavior in both short term and the long term†(Anderson 1). Other people argue that virtually every new video and computer game released today carries a rating...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Knowledge management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Knowledge management - Essay Example In addition, knowledge management has its basis in HR management approaches whose research tradition, particularly in the recruitment and training of talent and employee skill development, are of significant relevance to knowledge management. ICT represents a vital enabling factor for initiatives of knowledge management. In this case, both MIS researchers and computer scientists are substantially interested in knowledge management. Practitioners and researchers in Artificial Intelligence are especially interested in knowledge management, moving their focus away from knowledge and expert based systems. The most common theory in research on socio-technical systems is, generally, the systems theory. In addition, the view of organizations as systems of knowledge processing offers important insight for KM. Business transformation into knowledge intensive or knowledge based and intelligent organizations significantly influence organizations, especially with regards to management. Because these developments are essential in nature, several scholars have attempted to place knowledge as the basis of new theories concerning the firm. In the last ten years or so, competencies and knowledge have also been examined as part of the resource-based view of organizations in strategic management. On top of strategic management, other concepts and approaches of management are also influential on KM, which, by definition, is a function of management. Organizations for a long while have been a central focus of two active sociology and psychology fields; organizational sociology and organizational psychology. These research fields involve how humans behave from a collective and individual perspective in organizations. Some concepts have been adopted into organizational science and knowledge management. Also, concepts in knowledge sociology provide explanations for socially-constructed knowledge that is normally an underlying foundation of approaches in KM. From a practical

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

TAEDEL401A - Training and Assessement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

TAEDEL401A - Training and Assessement - Essay Example Negative attitude to training is one of the psychological barriers. It could be overcome through proper guidance given to the learner. Learning structures that are supportive to the learner would also help to change the attitude of learners towards training. Apart from this, dissemination of information, and methods of delivery would also make the training be entertaining thus changing the negative attitude of learners towards training. Financial constraints as a situational constraint could be overcome by the organization providing learners with loans or grants that would enable them to purchase the training. Additionally, the organization could also take up the cost of training thus allowing employees to access the training without any difficulty. Lack of organization support is another constraint to learning. Development of a proper opportunity of learning would help the organization to change its perception towards training thus supporting the employees. In this case, the organiz ation would be given facts concerning the importance of the training towards the success of the organization. Availability of qualified trainers is another constraint to learning. Without trainers, no learning would take place. In order to overcome this barrier, qualified trainers would be hired for the training program. Increasing the salaries of trainers would help in attracting experienced and qualified trainers into the training program. Training venues need to be adapted to allow the learners with exceptional needs to access the training. All training venues should be adapted so that they would satisfy the exceptional needs of the learners. Elevators and escalators should be fitted into storey venues in order to enhance quick movement of learners from one floor to another. Resources, learning materials, and assessment tools that are needed for the training should be identified prior to the training. Early

Monday, November 18, 2019

To What Extent Does Shift Work Contribute to the Stress of Working as Essay - 1

To What Extent Does Shift Work Contribute to the Stress of Working as a Paramedic in Adelaide - Essay Example I can also access them when working in order to observe them in their natural working environment and get the feeling of what stress they are encountering as they work in their different shifts (both night and day shifts and the difference between these two shifts).   The sampling technique will be simple random. This is convenient because I will not be biased when conducting the field research and the results will ensure diversity in conditions, the gender of the paramedics and other important factors that other sampling techniques may overlook. I will randomly choose the workstations of the paramedics and then also randomly chose the paramedics I will be observing and those I will be interviewing and minimize biases and sampling error. I will carry out 3 observations (of each shift since the shifts are of 8hours), 7 different interviews (one of the interviews will be for the supervisor and who is also the one in charge of the shifts and organizes the duty calendar), while the other six will be for the different paramedics (randomly chosen). Lastly, I will carry out a focus group discussion that will include all the available paramedics and this will be aimed at getting the general feeling about the shifts not captured in the interviews. Some of the structured interview questions will include: what shift they currently are in? How long does it take before there is a rotation of the shift? Which of the three shifts is the toughest on both the physical and mental strength? Is there a difference health wise of the shifts (this includes having headaches, fatigue, anger, over or under eating, depression or drugs and substance abuse). The rest of the questions will be unstructured in order to get more explanations. One of the ethical problems I foresee is that the interviewees may refuse to be honest due to fear of lack of confidentiality and even anonymity even though this will be assured to them. The other is on the issue of getting voluntary participants to participate in the focus group and especially if the supervisor will be around watching them.  Ã‚  

Friday, November 15, 2019

Wireless Communication: Applications and Limitations

Wireless Communication: Applications and Limitations Wireless Communications INTRODUCTION First of all, the meaning of wireless must be clearly identified: Wireless communications are the technology that uses any type of waves to substitute the use of cables and wires in order to create links (or a certain kind of connectivity) between different devices; such waves can be radio waves, infrared waves, or microwaves. Even though many people think that wireless communication is a new form of technology, the truth is that many devices that already existed for many decades use wireless technology, in one way or another, to accomplish the tasks or to deliver the services that they were designed for. Such devices include radio and television transmission-reception devices, military communication devices and many more. Mostly, such technology was being utilised only by governments and large organisations. The difference that appeared in the last few years is the one that involves computer systems and other related pieces of equipment and that which involves telephony and communications, which made it possible for individuals and small and medium organisations to have access to such technology and to be able to use it for specific and personalised uses. WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Today, wireless communications are growing steadily in almost all sectors, which include home and individual uses, organisational and governmental uses, and scientific and research institutional uses as well. This is evident in every aspect of connectivity that is present and that is available for each person of us; mobile phones (especially those classified as smart-phones) are the most wide-spread devices that utilise wireless communications for almost all the requirements that wireless technology provides; this includes wireless voice connections, data and messaging connections, and multimedia (audio and video) exchange links. For those devices to be able to accomplish that, they cover most of the types of frequencies that are available through the use of technologies such as infrared, Bluetooth, WiFi, GSM and much more. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) are the most significant technological advancement since the beginning of the computer (and the Internet) age. Such technology provides the possibility of active connectivity to companies, universities, schools, research institutions, and even entities of a far smaller nature. A growing number of homes is now applying WLANs because it can provide the users with the same kind of service without the need for cables. Prasad and Ruggieri (2003) give more details about WLANs by stating that â€Å"WLAN systems are a technology that can provide very high data rate applications and individual links (e.g., in company campus areas, conference centers, airports) and represents an attractive way of setting up computers networks in environments where cable installation is expensive or not feasible. They represent the coming together of two of the fastest-growing segments of the computer industry: LANs and mobile computing, thus recalling the attention of equipment manufactures. This shows their high potential and justifies the big attention paid to WLAN by equipment manufacturers. Whereas in the early beginning of WLANs several proprietary products existed, nowadays they are mostly conform to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE) 802.11b (also known as Wi-Fi) standard. It operates in the unlicenced 2.4-GHz band at 11 Mbps and it is currently extended to reach 20 Mbps.† When talking about wireless computer connectivity, it must be stated that there are two methods in which it operates today. The first is the â€Å"Ad Hoc mode, or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). This is a peer-to-peer wireless network. This means that it does not have an access point controlling the conversation.† This method is usually used for small networks which consist of five or less users. Its point of access which â€Å"manages the conversions is gone and the clients send beacons to each other These beacons contain a timer synchronization function (TSF) to ensure that the timing is correct. This function is usually handled in the access point.† The second method is â€Å"the Infrastructure mode, which is called Extended Basic Service Set (EBSS). This is the main type of wireless network. In an EBSS, an access point controls all traffic. Setting up a wireless network in this category requires a piece of networking equipment referred to as an access point. This access point is where the Ethernet data is converted into a wireless signal that is then transferred out through the access point’s antenna. To hear and understand this signal, a wireless network interface card is needed. This card has a small antenna inside it and can hear the wireless signal and transfer it to the computer† (Earle, 2006). As is the case for what concerns wired computer networks, wireless networks are either Wide Area Networks (WAN) or Local Area Networks (LAN). As for the wireless LANs, Vacca (2003) explains that â€Å"wireless data local-area networks (WiFi LANs) have surged in popularity. WiFi LANs provide network access only for approximately 300 ft around each access point, but provide for bandwidth up to 11 Mbps for the IEEE 802.11b protocol, and up to 100 Mbps for the emerging 802.11a protocol. Best of all, the technology is available now and affordable† and the author explains that their reduced cost of deployment, compared to that of the wired LANs, made them more attractive in what concerns the enlargement of corporate networks to other locations: â€Å"The wireless data LAN is a ‘nice and clean’ extension to an office’s wired LAN. Wireless data LANs are attractive to offices that want to enable workers to take laptops into a conference room. Wireless data has a place now† According to the author, â€Å"WiFi is especially popular in the manufacturing, distribution, and retail industries† Liska (2003) explains that the main purpose of using wireless WAN technology is to enable the connection to the Internet and to allow the connection between different offices (of a certain company, for example) that are located in different geographical locations. The author states that â€Å"Wireless WANs have emerged as a low-cost alternative to a traditional method of Internet access. Wireless WAN connection can offer the same amount of bandwidth as a T1, at a fraction of the cost. Wireless connections are also being deployed in areas where cable and DSL access is not available.† Another form of wireless networks is the Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN). In this type, the infrastructure network is not required as there is no need for a central link (or main connection of reference) as the connection is created between specific small devices and users within a given location. The main basic idea behind personal area network is the possibility to inter-connect two or more user-devices within a space of small coverage (that is not more than 10m) where ad hoc communication takes place which is also called personal operating space (POS). â€Å"The network is aimed at interconnecting portable and mobile computing devices such as laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), peripherals, cellular phones, digital cameras, headsets, and other electronics devices† (Prasad and Ruggieri, 2003). To give more details about this kind of wireless network, Vacca (2003) states that â€Å"the term ad hoc connectivity refers to both the ability for a device to assume either master or slave functionality and the ease in which devices may join or leave an existing network. The Bluetooth radio system has emerged as the first technology addressing WDPAN applications with its salient features of low power consumption, small package size, and low cost. Wireless data rates for Bluetooth devices are limited to 1 Mbps, although actual throughput is about half this data rate. A Bluetooth communication link also supports up to three voice channels with very limited or no additional bandwidth for bursty wireless data traffic.† For what concerns the standards of wireless networking, we find that for many years the systems were dependant on manufacturers, and this created problems regarding the compatibility of different systems with one another; that is why many standards are now present for use with the wireless systems. â€Å"This made the industry push the IEEE to make some wireless standards and help facilitate the growth of wireless with common standards that allowed various manufacturer cards to work with various manufacturer wireless networks† The standards used today include the 802.11 standard which â€Å"was the first WLAN standard accepted by multiple vendors as a true industry standard,† Other standards are 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11c, and the 802.11g which was approved by the IEEE in 2003. There are other standards such as â€Å"The 802.11i standard [which is] a security standard that can apply to other 802.11 standards† and there is the 802.11j which is â€Å"for use in Jap an only† (Earle, 2006). According to Pallato (2004), a unified 802.11n Wi-Fi will be widely used soon. The 802.11n â€Å"is based on a new radio technology called MIMO (multiple input/multiple output) that allows the transmission of up to 100M bps over a much wider range than the earlier versions.† This will certainly be a step in the right direction in attempting to unify all the wireless standards into one technology that can be accessible to everyone anywhere. But this unification is facing problems and delays: Reardon (2006) explains that â€Å"the new standard that will allow notebook users to connect to wireless access points at much faster speeds than is currently available [will be delayed].. The IEEE approved a draft version of the standard called 802.11n, after much controversy and infighting among chipmakers. A second draft was due for the standard by late fall of this year [2006], but now a new draft won’t likely be ready until January 2007. This could push back the final ratifica tion of the standard until 2008 The delay in adopting a standard has been caused by the nearly 12,000 changes to the draft that have been submitted to the standards group†. The future of the wireless communications technologies is promising; this is because more mobility and speed are the most required factors in what concerns inter-connectivity, they are certainly more desired than the wired options, especially that the cost and the security options are being improved constantly. â€Å"Though still an imperfect technology, wireless data LANs are, nonetheless, booming and remain at least one market segment that’s expected to achieve its anticipated growth rate. IDC forecasts worldwide wireless data LAN semiconductor revenue alone to grow at a 30 percent compound annual growth rate during the next 4 years. And, 68 percent of networking solution providers already deploy wireless data LANs and WANs† (Vacca, 2003). As can be seen by now, wireless technologies are becoming more requested and more used by all sectors of users, from large organisations to schools to home and office users. The overwhelming success of the mobile phone devices (especially the smart-phones with the possibility to have Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Infrared links) will force the industry to grow faster and to provide the instruments and the hardware needed for its propagation for lower prices. One of the emerging realities of today is what is called ‘Wi-Fi covered towns’: The more hotspots (or Wi-Fi access points) there will be available in homes, offices, coffee shops, restaurants, and bookstores, the more the ‘covered city’ concept can be put to practice. And with the arrival of the $100-smarphone by the year 2008, more and more people will find themselves directly inside the wireless age. Some are already talking about providing the Wi-Fi service through traditional radio frequencies, and with that , what we were accustomed to in what concerns TV reception can be used for wireless connections to the internet, and through that to the entire world. According to Long (2006), â€Å"One of the latest WLAN technologies [and one of those that are expected to flourish within the next 5 years], MIMO, or multiple-input multiple-output, splits the connection workload [within a LAN] into multiple data streams for increased range and throughput. Another technology, OFDM, or orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, is a technique for transmitting large amounts of digital data over radio waves.† The future of communications is already known: Every individual will be able to get connected to any group of users he/she chooses, will be connected to his work network on the move and at his home and even when he/she is on vacation with no PDA or laptop. This is why the future seems to be revolving around the WPANs. The Wireless network installation and application will be extremely cheap that continuing with wired networks will be totally unacceptable by all means. APPLICATIONS Even if the beginning of the wireless applications was focused on applications related to vertical markets such as retail, warehousing, and manufacturing, â€Å"current growth is being driven by other market segments. These include enterprise, small office/home office, telecommunications/Internet service provider (ISP) and the public access throughput compared to cellular mobiles networks are the lead drivers for wireless LAN deployment. Voice over IP (VoIP) is also expected to drive this technology in the future† (Smyth, 2004). Vacca (2003) explains that an entire range of applications and services are either dependent on wireless technology or are to be deployed depending on it. The author mentions the service of Triangulation which can be (and is being) used to locate the position of a mobile device through measuring the distance from two or more known points. Another application is Assisted GPS for determining the exact geographic position of the device in use. One important service that is also mentioned is the High-Resolution Maps service. Another important application of wireless networks is the one given to rural areas and locations where no cable or wire related new technologies can reach, for this the wireless technology can be deployed through satellite. â€Å"A new breed of satellite technologies and services allows providers to bring high-speed, always-on, two-way access to the planet’s farthest reaches. For example, McLean, Virginia–based StarBand Communications (a joint venture of Israeli satellite powerhouse Gilat Satellite Networks, EchoStar Communications, and Microsoft) is the first company to launch two-way consumer service in the United States.† The potentials for wireless applications are endless in virtually all sectors. Such applications can be used for workers and sales employees, for warehouse personnel who order parts, for accountants who generate invoices, and for transportations companies such as DHL and UPS. â€Å"New applications are appearing at an ever-increasing rate. Mobile workers, such as salespeople, field service technicians, and delivery people, are an obvious target for new wireless applications. Wireless technology applications can arm these workers with tools and data access capabilities that were previously limited to desk-bound employees† (Hayes, 2003). With wireless communications, data transfer (especially of larger files, such as those related to multimedia audio and video and huge reports and presentations) will become easier whenever the mobile devices become improved in order to utilise higher bandwidths and faster access possibilities. TV and video streaming to wireless devices has already started and the improvements will keep on appearing. There are no limits to the applications of wireless technology. We have already reached the technological know-how that enables us to realise almost all the desired wireless applications, and the cost of their deployment and use will drop until it becomes more common than anything else. Any innovation in the wireless technology camp will be profitable to the manufacturers and desired by the users, mobility is something that is becoming more essential for any organisation or individual that aims at success. â€Å"Wireless Applications are in their Internet infancy and awaiting broader bandwidth. As this becomes available the scope for applications on a cost-per-view basis will increase. Of particular interest for the future are the attempts to commercialize WWW by offering software, which relies on the WWWs free infrastructure to be viable, on pay-per-use basis† (Bidgoli, 2004). PROBLEMS As mentioned earlier, one of the most important problems facing the wireless technology today is the different standards used by different manufacturers, but this is a problem that is supposed to be resolved shortly. The real important issue is security. Earle (2006) mentions some of the security related issues such as Analysis (â€Å"the viewing, recording, or eavesdropping of a signal that is not intended for the party who is performing the analysis†), Spoofing (â€Å"impersonating an authorized client, device, or user to gain access to a resource that is protected by some form of authentication or authorization†), Wireless Denial-of-Service (â€Å"achieved with small signal jammers†), and Malicious Code (which can be used to â€Å"infect and corrupt network devices†). These risks are present in both wireless computer networks and in mobile devices such as mobile phones and PDAs. The major solutions for this are encryption and authentication solutions in various kinds and modalities. But still, the security issue is the most important reason for delay concerning the movement of all the applications and services toward the wireless realm. Another problem is the bandwidth; most mobile devices need to be developed further in order to turn the experience of using them into one that is similar to desktop computers and wired LAN connected devices. Works Cited Prasad, R. and Ruggieri, M. (2003) Technology Trends in Wireless Communications. Boston, MA: Artech House Publishers. Earle, A. E. (2006) Wireless Security Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach Publications. Liska, A. (2003) The Practice of Network Security: deployment strategies for production environments. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Vacca, J. R. (2003) Wireless Data Demystified. New York, NY: McGraw-HIll Companies, Inc. Pallato, J. (2004) Unified 802.11n Wi-Fi Standard to Emerge in Mid-2006. eWeek.com.[Accessed 22nd January 2007]. Available from World Wide Web:  http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1895,1735082,00.asp> Reardon, M. (2006). New Wi-Fi standard delayed again. ZDNet Tech News. [Accessed 21st January 2007]. Available from World Wide Web:  http://news.zdnet.com/2100-1035_22-6105494.html> Long, M. (2006) The Future of Wireless Networks. Newfactor.com. [Accessed 20th January 2007]. Available from World Wide Web:  http://www.newsfactor.com/story.xhtml?story_id=41852> Smyth, P. (2004) Mobile and Wireless Communications:: Key Technologies and Future Applications. London, UK: The Institution of Electrical Engineers. Hayes, I. S. (2003) Just Enough Wireless Computing. Upper Saddler River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Bidgoli, H. (2004) The Internet Encyclopedia. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Is it better to be an Assigned or Self-Initiated Expatriate in Japan? Is it better to be an Assigned or Self-Initiated Expatriate in Japan? Research Question: Is it better to be an Assigned or Self-Initiated Expatriate in Japan? Technology is the backbone of this ever-evolving generation. Japan is not only one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world, but, is also an internationally recognized hotspot for people who are looking to expatriate, and to make a promising future in this culturally un-paralleled location. This report will examine the benefits and disadvantages of being either a Company Assigned Expatriate (AE/CAE/OE) or a Self-Initiated Expatriate (SIE) in Japan. Aspects such as; motivation, job satisfaction, cross-cultural adjustment, family factors, compensation, and success factors will be taken into consideration, in this report. To begin the report, it is important to understand what some of the primary differences between assigned expatriates and self-initiated expatriates actually are. First of all, the â€Å"assigned expatriate† refers to a person who is sent abroad to another country, by the company they are working for, or are sponsored by. While, the â€Å"self-initiated expatriate† refers to a person who goes to another country of their choosing, in pursuit of a better life, often trying to find work on their own. A study done by Torsten Biemann and Maike Andresen, found that SIEs â€Å"start their international careers at a younger age, have a higher organizational mobility, and expect higher benefits from international experiences for their future careers† (2010). This implies that SIEs may often be recent graduates, or other young people who do not see much of a career opportunity in their home country, and seek bigger and better things abroad. These expatriates are also more l ikely to change or rethink their career paths, as compared to AEs, since they have more freedom to do what they would like to, as they were not brought into the country from an employer. Also, from leaving their home country, they would have a notion of achieving more, and have a broader list of goals than AEs, as again, nothing is set-up for them to feel like they are limited. They do not feel like career growth only stems from the company that they are linked to, unlike AEs. However, assigned expatriates seem to be more driven by the career factors in accordance to the company that sent them there, and may have more experience than SIEs – which seems to be more attractive to employers. Self-initiated expatriation, in most cases, is not an easy task. It requires much motivation, determination, and the ability to take risks. A SIE has to commit to the idea of leaving everything behind and going off to a foreign country – with some level of uncertainty pertaining to their future. The research done by Jan Selmer and Jakob Lauring discovers that SIEs may be motivated to expatriate because they are either; escaping from unfavourable conditions in their home country – â€Å"the refugee†, seeking financial stability – â€Å"the mercenary†, travelling to a favourable destination – â€Å"the explorer†, or finally, in pursuit of career success – â€Å"the architect† (2012). Furthermore, another study by the two, Jan Selmer and Jakob Lauring, finds that; younger SIEs â€Å"were more motivated by adventure, career and money when choosing to expatriate† (2010). What this means, is that the SIEs that belong to â€Å"the refugee† role, are most often older, may have already started a family, and most likely already have adequate work experience, prior to expatriating. However, self-initiated expatriates still consist of more young people and recent graduates on average, as compared to assigned expatriates. Japan is known for having a relatively low average fertility rate, as compared to the rest of the world (Boling, 2008). This may negatively impact young SIEs that are trying to start a family in Japan. More often, AEs, on the other hand, will go abroad with families they have already started in their home countries. AEs are also less likely to start a family in Japan, as they are aware of the fact that they are only there for a finite amount of time. Therefore, it may not be as big as a problem to AEs, on an average. Assigned expatriates are motivated to go abroad for career driven objectives, and will often not look as the new country (Japan) as â€Å"home†, but rather, a stepping-stone in the projection of their careers. SIEs would more often, treat Japan as a new cultural experience, and will end up staying longer than AEs, or even ind efinitely – unless they do not find success or happiness in Japan. For AEs; â€Å"career-related factors appeared significantly more important to their decision to move abroad, indicating that their desire for an international experience is explicitly coupled with career development and progression† (Doherty, Dickmann, Mills, 2011). This implies that, AEs might not have the same level of appreciation for Japan, as a SEI would, and it may contribute to a significantly less level of enjoyment and fulfillment while abroad. It is also important to understand which roles assigned expatriates and self-initiated expatriates often tend to fill in organizations, upon expatriating. These roles can end up defining or being the highlight of these expatriates’ careers. According to Phyllis Tharenou, the five main purposes of assigned expatriates is to: First, to set up a new operation and establish foreign operations in their early stages; second, to fill a skills gap; third, to develop managers international skills; fourth, to transfer company culture and knowledge to a foreign operation and gain feedback from it; and fifth, to supply the top manager and control the operation and coordinate with headquarters. (2013) This entails that assigned expatriates are given great responsibility and a high position within the organization when expatriated, which also implies that self-initiated expatriates would have to spent more time in the company to work up to that same level, since; â€Å"SIEs are most likely to be: an unsuitable alternative to CAEs for roles requiring firm-specific knowledge† (Tharenou, 2013). This might be the case, even if the AEs and SIEs may have the same or comparable level of education; â€Å"AEs possessed no significant difference in levels of education than SIEs, but were more likely to be in greater positions of authority† (Andresen, Biemann, Pattie, 2015). Unsurprisingly, the greater hierarchical position, leads to greater compensation for AEs on average (Sims Schraeder, 2005). Thus, SIEs are also more likely to be underemployed, since, managers would not be confident enough to trust in the SIEs abilities. This would inevitably cause SIEs to be dissatisfied with their jobs and be alienated from the others in the workplace (Lee, 2005). However, with regards to Japan, it seems as if SIEs obtain more skills that compliment them to have an easier experience of cross-cultural adjustment. Japanese language proficiency seems to be the most important trait in expatriates finding success in Japan. Self-initiated expatriates are much more competent with this skill than assigned expatriates. There may still be language training sessions for AEs, but it is seen as a drag to the management in Japan (Peltokorpi, 2008). This entails that AEs, most likely spend time before expatriating to learn about Japanese culture and the language, and are also likely to spend more time living in Japan than AEs. Thus, they find an easier experience of adjustment to the new culture, since they are prepared for it, in hopes of quickly establishing a successful career abroad. AEs on the other hand, have the sense of security that they will be working immediately upon expatriating. So, they would most likely not go through a lot of preparation for the new culture. However, SIEs would still have to work up to the level of AEs – as mentioned earlier, and would likely contribute to a decreas ed rate of job satisfaction. A study conducted by Fabian Jintae Froese and Vesa Peltokorpi, about expatriates in Japan reaffirms this; â€Å"SIEs suffer from lower job satisfaction because they tend to work more often under HCN (host-country nationals) supervisors regardless of their hierarchical level or the nationality of their employing organizations† (2013). The same studies also found that assigned expatriates and self-initiated expatriates react to cross-cultural adjustment very differently. As established before; AEs see expatriation as an important step in their careers, while, most SIEs take it as an opportunity to appreciate culture and absorb knowledge. SIEs’ increased proficiency in the Japanese language allows them to communicate more with locals, mesh within Japanese culture, and even talk to other expatriates in Japan. While, AEs will remain mostly isolated in their personal lives; â€Å"During their fixed expatriation period in Japan, OEs might be more inclined to interact with other expatriates† (Peltokorpi, 2008). As SIEs interact more with locals; â€Å"they receive information about behavioural norms and the rationale for why people behave in a certain way. The ability to act in an appropriate way and predict the behaviour of others tends to reduce uncertainty and increase psychological comfort† (Pelt okorpi, 2008). This basically means that SIEs will be happier outside of the workspace, as they can enjoy Japanese culture and appreciation for their journey. While, AEs, will be happier in the workspace, as they will have higher positions and be perceived as more successful that SIEs, in the workforce. Another report – by Nancy Napier and Sully Taylor – finds that, expatriating to Japan is a much different experience for women. Due to some of the social patriarchal structures still in place, female self-initiated expatriates will have a harder time to reach the level of, and make as much money as male SIEs – let alone AEs – in an organization. However, female AEs on average, do not face this discrimination, since, they are given and briefed of their position, in their native country, before expatriating. In some cases, women AEs are also offered optional additional cross-cultural training, in order to familiarize themselves with the social contracts and customs of Japan, as they can vary widely from genders and from the constructs and customs of their home country. One problem for female AEs, or AEs in general, can be of repatriation. This report highlights that; â€Å"In one survey of American expatriates, 40 percent said that, on their return to the U nited States, there was no specific job for them†, furthermore; â€Å"another study found that 26 percent of the American expatriates surveyed were actively looking for a different job within one year of returning to the United States† (1996). It is also important to note that this report was a little dated, as it was compiled in 1996; many things could change in a timeframe of almost two decades. To conclude, and to answer the initial research question, both assigned expatriates and self-initiated expatriates have their own unique benefits and setbacks. Preferring to be either an AE or a SIE, depends on what each individual expatriate values in their life. In review, AEs will most likely come to Japan in the pursuit of an increased repertoire and are more driven by career factors. AEs will most likely also start off in a high position (higher than that of a SIE), and in turn, will earn more money, while in Japan. SIEs, on the other hand, can come to Japan for varied reasons, but in order to succeed, they all have to have some skills to help them prepare for this unique culture. Many SIEs have great Japanese-language proficiencies and have a tendency to appreciate the culture and the locals more, as, they will most likely want to stay longer in Japan, than AEs. However, they will usually start off in lower positions, compared to AEs, even though they may have the same level of education. This may lead to them being underemployed and contribute to an overall job dissatisfaction. Women looking expatriate on their own to Japan, also need to consider that they will be facing additional challenges due to the patriarchal structure over there, and may not be happy about their compensation. Thus, may consider expatriating to Japan, through company sponsorship from their native countries. With all of the pros and cons weighted and in consideration, it seems as if being an assigned expatriate may better suit most people’s characteristics. Not many people would like to shift to Japan for life (or most of their lives), thus, assigned expatriation provides a great opportunity to experience Japanese life and culture, while making more money than SIEs, on average. AEs are also given the chance to expatriate elsewhere, and see more of the world after their experience with Japan. SIEs may choose to repatriate to their native countries, but most would choose not to be a SIE again, as they may find it to be too much of a commitment. References: Biemann, T., Andresen, M. (2010). Self-initiated foreign expatriates versus assigned expatriates.Journal of Managerial Psychology,25(4), 430-448. doi:10.1108/02683941011035313 Selmer, J., Lauring, J. (2012). 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Self-initiated expatriates: An alternative to company-assigned expatriates?Journal of Global Mobility,1(3), 336-356. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JGM-02-2013-0008 Andresen, M., Biemann, T., Pattie, M. W. (2015). What makes them move abroad? reviewing and exploring differences between self-initiated and assigned expatriation.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,26(7), 932-947. doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.669780 Sims, R. H., Schraeder, M. (2005). Expatriate compensation.Career Development International,10(2), 98-108. doi:10.1108/13620430510588301 Lee, C. H. (2005). A study of underemployment among self-initiated expatriates.Journal of World Business,40(2), 172-187. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2005.02.005 Peltokorpi, V. (2007). Intercultural communication patterns and tactics: Nordic expatriates in Japan.International Business Review,16(1), 68-82. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2006.12.001 Peltokorpi, V. (2008). Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates in Japan.International Journal Of Human Resource Management,19(9), 1588-1606. doi:10.1080/09585190802294903 Froese, F. J., Peltokorpi, V. (2013). Organizational expatriates and self-initiated expatriates: differences in cross-cultural adjustment and job satisfaction.International Journal Of Human Resource Management,24(10), 1953-1967. doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.725078 Taylor, S., Napier, N. (1996). Working in Japan: Lessons from women expatriates.Sloan Management Review,37(3), 76. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/224969161?accountid=14771 1